Firefighters are modern-day heroes, often exposed to many hazards in the line of duty. One such hazard is toxic firefighting foam, known as Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF), used to combat flammable liquid fires. Though potent in extinguishing fires, AFFF comprises per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), known for their association with severe health issues such as cancer. In this article, explore the possible cancer hazards of firefighters’ exposure to AFFF.
Understanding The Composition of Toxic Firefighting Foam
According to ADEC, AFFF is purchased as a concentrate, typically 3% or 6%. Type 3 or Type 6 AFFF is categorized based on its blend ratio with water. AFFF is a blend of artificial chemicals, predominantly per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
PFAS encompass a diverse group of man-made chemicals valued for their unique properties, including resistance to extreme temperatures, degradation, and non-stick attributes.
PFOA, PFOS, and various other PFAS present in AFFF are recognized as hazardous materials. Any release of PFAS-containing AFFF should be promptly reported to the state authorities.
While these compounds have been integral to various industries since the 1940s, concerns regarding their impact on human health heightened in the 2000s. The detection of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in human blood was a matter of concern.
Since then, numerous PFAS variants have been identified in environmental samples. Many PFAS feature extended chains of carbon-fluorine bonds akin to PFOA and PFOS. They exhibit traits of ecological persistence, bioaccumulation, and prolonged retention in human organisms.
The Link Between Firefighting Foam Exposure and Cancer Risk
Per TorHoerman Law findings, studies suggest a significant correlation between PFAS exposure and a range of cancers. Additionally, disruptions in hormone and immune system functions, along with other health disorders, have been observed. Numerous individuals have initiated legal proceedings against AFFF and other PFAS product producers.
The link between firefighting foam exposure and cancer risk is a significant concern and research topic. Aqueous Film-Forming Foam (AFFF) contains per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) linked to an increased cancer risk. Studies show that firefighters, who are often exposed to AFFF during firefighting operations, have higher rates of certain types of cancer.
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified some PFAS, including perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate, as possible carcinogens. Additionally, PFAS have been found to bioaccumulate in the body over time, further increasing the potential cancer risk for individuals.
As research continues to investigate the link between firefighting foam exposure and cancer risk, efforts to minimize exposure and protect firefighters’ health remain paramount.
Case Studies and Real-life Examples
According to Consumernotice.org, there were 7,170 pending AFFF lawsuits in the U.S. District Court in South Carolina MDL as of March 2024. While the resolution of water contamination cases was largely achieved last summer through settlement agreements, the AFFF class action MDL continues to exhibit significant activity. A total of 176 new cases were added to the MDL, making the total number of cases above 7,000.
Case Study-I
An Air Force firefighter, Gary Flook, shared his story with KFF Health News. During his time in the Air Force, he received regular firefighting training involving aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF). However, like many others, Flook was unaware of the potential health risks associated with AFFF until later.
In 2000, at age 45, he received shocking news about his testicular cancer, which would require an orchiectomy followed by chemotherapy. He then filed a lawsuit against the companies that make firefighting products using harmful chemicals.
Case Study-II
According to Lawsuit Legal News, Connecticut’s Attorney General has initiated AFFF lawsuits against chemical manufacturers like Chevron, Chemguard, 3M Company, and Dupont. These lawsuits aim to recover expenses associated with the remediation of PFAS and PFOS, which have significantly degraded the environment.
Case Study-III
According to the Lawsuit Information Center, the most recent AFFF lawsuit update involves a new case added to the MDL in February 2024. This lawsuit originated in Nevada and was filed by a registered firefighter exposed to AFFF from 1992 to 1997. He initiated legal action after being diagnosed with bladder cancer in 2021.
These firsthand accounts shed light on the serious health implications faced by those exposed to AFFF. They provide valuable insights into the urgent need for further investigation and awareness surrounding this critical issue.
Regulatory Measures and Industry Response
The government strictly enforces tighter regulations on using PFAS chemicals in firefighting foams. These regulatory measures will impact future usage and raise concerns about manufacturers’ responsibility.
The firefighting industry has now limited or stopped using older formulations of AFFF, typically containing long-chain PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS). It has started using newer versions incorporating shorter-chain PFAS variants, which are less harmful.
The manufacturers assert that these new variants are safer. However, some AFFF products are now available without PFAS, although they may contain alternative chemicals that could also pose health risks.
Protecting Firefighters and Mitigating Risks
Protecting firefighters from the potential risks associated with toxic firefighting foam requires a multi-faceted approach that considers the latest information and research. One key strategy is ensuring firefighters are properly trained in safely using and disposing of AFFF. They must understand the possible health hazards linked with PFAS exposure.
Training initiatives should highlight the significance of utilizing personal protective gear (PPE), like masks, gloves, and protective attire. It would minimize the skin contact and inhalation of AFFF.
Additionally, fire departments should use alternative firefighting methods or foam formulations that do not contain PFAS. When AFFF is necessary, it should be applied in a controlled manner to minimize environmental contamination. Fire departments should also establish protocols for properly disposing of AFFF and contaminated firefighting gear to prevent further environmental contamination.
Regularly monitoring PFAS levels in firefighters’ blood and urine can help identify exposure levels and inform efforts to mitigate risks. Fire departments should also work closely with healthcare providers to ensure that firefighters receive regular health screenings and access to medical care.
Support and Resources for Firefighters
Firefighters should be aware of legal resources, including assistance in pursuing compensation for any health issues. Legal experts can help firefighters understand their rights and options for seeking justice in cases of negligence or misconduct.
According to Consumer Shield, numerous cases have already reached AFFF lawsuit settlements, some of them reaching millions of dollars. Corporations such as 3M and DuPont have agreed to pay $10.3 billion to settle these allegations. Now, attention in the AFFF class action lawsuit is turning toward individual claims filed by firefighters and military members. Firefighters must understand their entitlements in this regard.
Another crucial resource is access to comprehensive health screening programs that can detect early signs of health issues related to PFAS exposure. These programs can help firefighters monitor their health and take preventive measures as needed.
They must have information and training on the potential health risks of PFAS exposure and how to minimize exposure while working. They may also benefit from mental health resources to help them cope with the stress and anxiety that can come with their job. This can include access to counseling services and peer support groups where firefighters can share their experiences and seek guidance from others.
Conclusion
In conclusion, investigating the cancer risks associated with AFFF highlights the critical need for measures to protect firefighters. The presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in AFFF poses significant health risks, including an increased risk of cancer.
To address these risks, fire departments must prioritize using safer alternatives to AFFF. They must implement proper handling and disposal procedures, and provide firefighters with comprehensive health monitoring and support services.
Additionally, ongoing research and collaboration between government agencies, researchers, and the firefighting community are essential to minimize PFAS exposure. By taking these steps, we can work towards reducing the impact of toxic firefighting foam on both firefighters and the environment.
Beth is Cloudmineinc’s senior health editor and a certified personal trainer. She has over 10 years experience as a science journalist and is the author of two books. She deadlifts over 315 lbs.